What is ADHD?
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. ADHD is one of the most common childhood disorders, but it can also affect adults. The symptoms can vary widely from person to person and can range from mild to severe. ADHD can affect an individual's ability to focus, complete tasks, and regulate their behavior, making it challenging to function in school, work, and social settings.
While the exact cause of ADHD is not fully understood, research suggests that it is related to an imbalance in the brain's neurotransmitters (chemicals that help nerve cells communicate) and differences in brain structure and function. Genetic factors also play a significant role, as ADHD tends to run in families.
Key Symptoms of ADHD
ADHD symptoms are typically divided into two main categories: inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. A person may have symptoms from one or both categories, and the severity and impact of these symptoms can vary.
1. Inattention
Inattention refers to difficulties in staying focused, following through on tasks, and organizing activities. People with ADHD may show some of the following signs:
Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities (e.g., easily distracted by unrelated stimuli).
Failure to follow through on instructions or to finish tasks (e.g., homework, chores).
Difficulty organizing tasks and activities (e.g., trouble managing time, keeping track of deadlines, or organizing materials).
Avoidance of tasks that require sustained mental effort (e.g., reading long books or completing projects).
Frequent careless mistakes in work or activities due to lack of attention to detail.
Forgetfulness in daily activities (e.g., forgetting to return phone calls, misplacing keys, or leaving tasks unfinished).
2. Hyperactivity and Impulsivity
Hyperactivity and impulsivity refer to a person’s difficulty controlling their behavior and activity levels, often resulting in behaviors that are overly energetic, restless, or disruptive. Symptoms may include:
Fidgeting or squirming in seat (especially in situations where sitting still is expected).
Inability to stay seated in situations like school, meetings, or social gatherings.
Running or climbing excessively in situations where it is inappropriate (more common in children).
Difficulty playing or engaging in activities quietly, often feeling the need to be in constant motion.
Talking excessively and having difficulty waiting for one's turn in conversations or activities.
Interrupting others or intruding on conversations, games, or activities (e.g., answering questions before they are completed).
Acting without thinking (e.g., making impulsive decisions or blurt out answers without considering consequences).
Types of ADHD
There are three primary types of ADHD, which are classified based on the combination of symptoms that are most prominent in the individual:
ADHD, Inattentive Type: This type is characterized mainly by symptoms of inattention, such as being easily distracted, forgetful, and having difficulty focusing or completing tasks. People with this type may not exhibit significant hyperactive or impulsive behaviors.
ADHD, Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: This type is characterized mainly by hyperactive and impulsive behaviors, such as constant movement, difficulty sitting still, and impulsivity (acting without thinking). Inattention symptoms may be less noticeable in this type.
ADHD, Combined Type: This is the most common type of ADHD, where both inattention and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms are present. Individuals with this type of ADHD may experience difficulties with focus, organization, and task completion, along with impulsive behaviors and restlessness.
Causes and Risk Factors of ADHD
While the exact cause of ADHD is not fully known, it is generally believed to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors:
Genetics: ADHD tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic link. Studies have found that people with a close family member (e.g., a parent or sibling) with ADHD are more likely to develop the disorder themselves.
Brain Structure and Function: Research suggests that there are differences in the brain's structure and function in people with ADHD, particularly in areas responsible for attention, impulse control, and executive function (planning, organizing, and decision-making). Some brain chemicals, like dopamine, may also be involved in regulating attention and behavior.
Prenatal and Birth Factors: Exposure to toxins or substances during pregnancy (such as tobacco smoke, alcohol, or drugs) may increase the risk of ADHD. Premature birth or low birth weight may also be risk factors.
Environmental Factors: Lead exposure, traumatic brain injuries, and other environmental toxins have been associated with an increased risk of ADHD. Stress and other socio-environmental factors can also play a role in the development or exacerbation of symptoms.
Dietary Factors: While diet alone is not the cause of ADHD, some research suggests that certain food additives, preservatives, or sensitivities may exacerbate symptoms in some individuals. Nutritional deficiencies (such as omega-3 fatty acids) have also been linked to ADHD.
Diagnosing ADHD
ADHD is diagnosed based on a thorough evaluation by a trained healthcare professional, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or pediatrician. The diagnosis typically involves:
Clinical interviews: The doctor will ask questions about the individual’s medical history, behavior patterns, and symptoms.
Behavioral assessments: Observations of the individual’s behavior, including attention span, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, will be considered.
Standardized questionnaires: Parents, teachers, or others who interact with the individual regularly may be asked to complete questionnaires that assess ADHD symptoms in various settings (home, school, work).
Rule out other conditions: Since other conditions (e.g., anxiety, depression, learning disabilities) can mimic ADHD symptoms, the healthcare professional may rule out other potential causes for the symptoms.
A diagnosis is made when the symptoms are present in multiple settings (e.g., at school, home, and work) and cause significant impairment in daily functioning.
Treatment for ADHD
ADHD treatment typically involves a combination of behavioral interventions, medication, and lifestyle changes. A treatment plan is tailored to the individual’s age, symptoms, and specific needs.
1. Medications
Medication is often used to help manage symptoms of ADHD. The most common types of medications are:
Stimulants: These are the most widely prescribed medications for ADHD. They include drugs like methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin, Concerta) and amphetamine-based medications (e.g., Adderall, Vyvanse). These medications help increase dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain, improving focus and impulse control.
Non-Stimulants: If stimulants are not effective or cause side effects, non-stimulant medications may be prescribed, such as atomoxetine (Strattera) or guanfacine (Intuniv), which can help improve attention and behavior.
2. Behavioral Therapy
Therapy is an essential part of managing ADHD, especially for children and adolescents. Behavioral therapy focuses on teaching strategies to manage symptoms and improve functioning. It may include:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT helps individuals with ADHD recognize and change negative thinking patterns and develop better coping strategies for managing impulsivity and inattention.
Parent Training and Support: Parents may receive training on how to implement positive reinforcement, structure routines, and use strategies to help their child manage ADHD symptoms.
Social Skills Training: Therapy can help children with ADHD learn to interact more effectively with peers, manage frustration, and improve communication.
3. Lifestyle and Environmental Modifications
Certain lifestyle changes and environmental strategies can help individuals with ADHD manage their symptoms:
Routine and Structure: Establishing consistent routines and clear expectations can help people with ADHD stay organized and focused.
Mindfulness and Relaxation Techniques: Techniques like mindfulness, meditation, and relaxation exercises can help reduce impulsivity and improve attention.
Diet and Exercise: Regular physical activity can help with hyperactivity and improve mood. A balanced diet, with adequate omega-3 fatty acids and protein, can also support brain health.
Living with ADHD
ADHD is a lifelong condition, but with appropriate treatment and support, individuals can learn to manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives. Early intervention is important, and a combination of medication, therapy, and lifestyle adjustments can help improve focus, organization, and impulse control. Support from family, teachers, and peers is essential in helping individuals with ADHD reach their full potential.
Treating ADHD at New Dawn Psychiatric Services
ADHD is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that affects a person’s ability to pay attention, control impulses, and regulate behavior. It is most often diagnosed in childhood but can continue into adulthood. While there is no cure for ADHD, effective treatments—ranging from medication to therapy to lifestyle changes—can help individuals manage symptoms and succeed in school, work, and relationships.
If you have ADHD, we’re here to consult with you and explore your options at New Dawn Psychiatric Services. We take most major insurance plans, plus Medicare and Medicaid. Financing is also available.